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rural poverty
Rural poverty refers to poverty found in rural areas, including factors of rural society, rural economy, and rural political systems that give rise to the poverty found there.〔Janvry, A. de, E. Sadoulet, and R. Murgai. 2002. (“Rural Development and Rural Policy.” ) In B.GardnerG. Rausser (eds.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, vol. 2, A, Amsterdam: NorthHolland: 1593–658.〕 Rural poverty is often discussed in conjunction with spatial inequality, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas.〔 (Pdf version. )〕 Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global phenomena, but like poverty in general, there are higher rates of rural poverty in developing countries than in developed countries. Eradicating rural poverty through effective policies and economic growth remains a challenge for the international community 〔〔Otsuka, Keijiro. 2009. (Rural poverty and income dynamics in Asia and Africa. ) New York: Routledge.〕
==Prevalence==
The first target of the Millennium Development Goals is to decrease the extent of extreme poverty by one-half by the year 2015.〔United Nations. ("The Millennium Development Goals Report: 2006." ) United Nations Development Programme.〕 Poverty remains a predominantly rural problem,〔Dercon, Stefan. 2009. (“Rural Poverty: Old Challenges in New Contexts.” ) Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕 with a majority of the world’s poor located in rural areas.〔 It is estimated that 76 percent of the developing world’s poor live in rural areas, well above the overall population share living in rural areas, which is only 58 percent.〔Ravallion, M., S. Chen, and P. Sangraula. 2007. (“New Evidence on the Urbanization of Global Poverty.” ) World Bank Policy Research Paper 4199.〕 Disparities between rural and urban areas is on the rise, particularly in many developing and transitional countries.〔〔 Globally, rural people and rural places tend to be disadvantaged relative to their urban counterparts 〔Mosely, Jane and Miller, Kathleen. 2004. (“Spatial Variations in Factors Affecting Poverty.” ) RUPRI Rural Poverty Research Center.〕 and poverty rates increase as rural areas become more remote.〔Miller, Kathleen K., Crandall, Mindy S. and Bruce A. Weber. 2002. (“Persistent Poverty and Place: How Do Persistent Poverty and Poverty Demographics Vary Across the Rural Urban Continuum?” ) Paper prepared for the American Agricultural Economics Association / Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting, July 2003 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.〕 Individuals living in rural areas tend to have less access to social services, exacerbating the effects of rural poverty.〔
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